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Download Now Download Download to read offline. The Middle Ages introduction and overview. Ch 13 Middle Ages Slides. Life In The Roman Empire. Europe Erupts In War. Chapter14 Copy. Related Books Free with a 30 day trial from Scribd.
Dry: A Memoir Augusten Burroughs. Related Audiobooks Free with a 30 day trial from Scribd. Empath Up! Virginia Labelle. Views Total views. Actions Shares. This resulted in fixed settlements from which many tribes, under a powerful leader, expanded outwards.
Ostrogoths, Visigoths, and Lombards made their way into Italy; Vandals, Burgundians, Franks, and Visigoths conquered much of Gaul; Vandals and Visigoths also pushed into Spain, with the Vandals additionally making it into North Africa; and the Alamanni established a strong presence in the middle Rhine and Alps. In England, the Angles merged with the Saxons and other groups notably the Jutes , and absorbed some natives, to form the Anglo-Saxons later known as the English.
Essentially, Roman civilization was overrun by these variants of Germanic peoples during the 5th century. Germanic people were fierce in battle, creating a strong military. Their love of battle was linked to their religious practices and two of their most important gods, Wodan and his son, Thor, both believed to be gods of war.
The Germanic idea of warfare was quite different from the pitched battles fought by Rome and Greece, and the Germanic tribes focused on raids to capture resources and secure prestige. Warriors were strong in battle and had great fighting abilities, making the tribes almost unbeatable. Men began battle training at a young age and were given a shield and a spear upon manhood, illustrating the importance of combat in Germanic life.
The loss of the shield or spear meant a loss of honor. Chieftains were the leaders of clans, and clans were divided into groups by family ties. The earlier Germans elected chieftains, but as time went on it became hereditary. This relationship between a chieftain and his followers became the basis for the more complicated feudal system that developed in medieval Europe. Political and diplomatic leaders, such as Odoacer and Theoderic the Great, changed the course of history in the late s CE and paved the way for later kings and conquerors.
Odoacer, a German general, took over the Western Roman Empire in his own name, becoming the first barbarian king of Italy. Theoderic the Great became a barbarian king of Italy after he killed Odoacer. He initiated three decades of peace between the Ostrogoths and the Romans and united the two Germanic tribes.
Odoacer was a Germanic soldier in the Roman army who deposed emperor Augustulus and became the first King of Italy, marking the end of the Western Roman Empire, the fall of ancient Rome, and the beginning of the Middle Ages in Western Europe.
Flavius Odoacer — was a soldier, probably of Scirian descent, who in became the first King of Italy — His reign is commonly seen as marking the end of the Western Roman Empire. Odoacer generally used the Roman honorific patrician, granted by the Emperor Zeno, but is referred to as a king Latin rex in many documents.
Odoacer introduced few important changes into the administrative system of Italy. He had the support of the Roman Senate and was able to distribute land to his followers without much opposition. Unrest among his warriors led to violence in —, but no such disturbances occurred during the later period of his reign. Although Odoacer was an Arian Christian, he rarely intervened in the affairs of the orthodox and trinitarian state church of the Roman Empire.
Odoacer was a military leader in Italy who led the revolt of Herulian, Rugian, and Scirian soldiers that deposed Romulus Augustulus on September 4, Augustulus had been declared Western Roman Emperor by his father, the rebellious general of the army in Italy, less than a year before, but had been unable to gain allegiance or recognition beyond central Italy.
In a Roman general named Orestes was appointed Magister militum and patrician by the Western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos and became head of the Germanic foederati barbarian mercenary armies for Rome. However, Orestes proved to be ambitious, and before the end of that year drove Nepos from Italy. Orestes then proclaimed his young son Romulus the new emperor, Romulus Augustulus. However, Nepos reorganized his court in Salona, Dalmatia, and received homage and affirmation from the remaining fragments of the Western Empire beyond Italy and, most importantly, from Constantinople, which refused to accept Augustulus and branded him and his father traitors and usurpers.
At around this time, the foederati , who had been quartered on the Italians all of these years, had grown weary of this arrangement. In the words of J. Orestes was killed at Placentia, and his brother Paulus killed outside Ravenna. In Odoacer advanced to Ravenna and captured the city, compelling the young emperor Romulus to abdicate on September 4. Romulus Augustulus and Odoacer: Romulus Augustulus resigns the crown from a 19th-century illustration. In , Odoacer became the first barbarian King of Italy, initiating a new era.
With the backing of the Roman Senate, Odoacer thenceforth ruled Italy autonomously, paying lip service to the authority of Julius Nepos, the last Western emperor, and Zeno, the emperor of the East.
He did so, executing the conspirators, but within two years also conquered the region and incorporated it into his domain. As the most tangible example of this renewed prestige, for the first time since the mid-3rd century copper coins were issued with the legend S enatus C onsulto.
Zeno responded first by inciting the Rugi of present-day Austria to attack Italy. During the winter of — Odoacer crossed the Danube and defeated the Rugi in their own territory. In his quest to destroy Odoacer, Zeno promised Theoderic the Great and his Ostrogoths the Italian peninsula if they were to defeat and remove Odoacer from power.
On August 28, Odoacer met him at the Isonzo, only to be defeated. He withdrew to Verona, reaching its outskirts on September 27, where he immediately set up a fortified camp. Theoderic followed him and three days later defeated him again. On August 11, , the armies of the two kings clashed on the Adda River. Odoacer was again defeated and forced back into Ravenna, where Theoderic besieged him. Ravenna proved to be invulnerable, surrounded by marshes and estuaries and easily supplied by small boats from its hinterlands, as Procopius later pointed out in his History.
By this time, Odoacer had to have lost all hope of victory. On August 29, , the Goths were about to assemble enough ships at Rimini to set up an effective blockade of Ravenna. Despite these decisive losses, the war dragged on until February 25, , when John, bishop of Ravenna, was able to negotiate a treaty between Theoderic and Odoacer that provided for them to occupy Ravenna together and rule jointly.
After a three-year siege, Theoderic entered the city on March 5. Odoacer was dead ten days later, slain by Theoderic while they shared a meal. Theoderic the Great was the King of the Ostrogoths and ruler of Italy after defeating the first barbarian king, Odoacer; he ruled Italy in its most peaceful and prosperous period since Valentinian until his death in Theoderic the Great — was king of the Ostrogoths — , ruler of Italy — , regent of the Visigoths — , and a patricius of the Roman Empire.
Theoderic was born in Pannonia in , after his people had defeated the Huns at the Battle of Nedao. Theoderic grew up as a hostage in Constantinople, received a privileged education, and succeeded his father as leader of the Pannonian Ostrogoths in Settling his people in lower Moesia, Theoderic came into conflict with Thracian Ostrogoths led by Theodoric Strabo, whom he eventually supplanted, uniting their peoples in Emperor Zeno subsequently gave Theoderic the title of Patrician and the office of Magister militum master of the soldiers , and even appointed him Roman Consul.
Seeking further gains, Theoderic frequently ravaged the provinces of the Eastern Roman Empire, eventually threatening Constantinople itself. In , Emperor Zeno ordered Theoderic to overthrow the German Foederatus Odoacer, who had likewise been made Patrician and even King of Italy, but who had since betrayed Zeno, supporting the rebellious Leontius.
After a victorious three-year war, Theoderic killed Odoacer with his own hands, settled his , to , people in Italy, and founded an Ostrogothic Kingdom based in Ravenna. While he promoted separation between the Arian Ostrogoths and the Roman population, Theoderic stressed the importance of racial harmony, though intermarriage was outlawed. Seeking to restore the glory of Ancient Rome, he ruled Italy in its most peaceful and prosperous period since Valentinian until his death in Memories of his reign made him a hero of German legend as Dietrich von Bern.
At the time, the Ostrogoths were settled in Byzantine territory as foederati allies of the Romans, but were becoming restless and increasingly difficult for Zeno to manage. Not long after Theoderic became king, he and Zeno worked out an arrangement beneficial to both sides. The Ostrogoths needed a place to live, and Zeno was having serious problems with Odoacer, the King of Italy who had come to power in Ostensibly a viceroy for Zeno, Odoacer was menacing Byzantine territory and not respecting the rights of Roman citizens in Italy.
Theoderic came with his army to Italy in , where he won the battles of Isonzo and Verona in and the battle at the Adda in In he took Ravenna.
On February 2, , Theoderic and Odoacer signed a treaty that assured both parties would rule over Italy. A banquet was organized in order to celebrate this treaty. It was at this banquet that Theoderic, after making a toast, drew his sword and struck Odoacer on the collarbone, killing him. Like Odoacer, Theoderic was ostensibly only a viceroy for the emperor in Constantinople. In reality, he was able to avoid imperial supervision, and dealings between the emperor and Theoderic were as relations between equals.
Unlike Odoacer, however, Theoderic respected the agreement he had made and allowed Roman citizens within his kingdom to be subject to Roman law and the Roman judicial system. The Goths, meanwhile, lived under their own laws and customs. In , when a mob burned down the synagogues of Ravenna, Theoderic ordered the town to rebuild them at its own expense. Theoderic the Great sought alliances with, or hegemony over, the other Germanic kingdoms in the West.
He allied with the Franks by his marriage to Audofleda, sister of Clovis I, and married his own female relatives to princes or kings of the Visigoths, Vandals, and Burgundians. He stopped the Vandals from raiding his territories by threatening the weak Vandal king Thrasamund with invasion, and sent a guard of 5, troops with his sister Amalafrida when she married Thrasamund in For much of his reign, Theoderic was the de facto king of the Visigoths as well, becoming regent for the infant Visigothic king, his grandson Amalaric, following the defeat of Alaric II by the Franks under Clovis in The Franks were able to wrest control of Aquitaine from the Visigoths, but otherwise Theoderic was able to defeat their incursions.
The western—eastern division was a simplification and a literary device of 6th-century historians; political realities were more complex. Both tribes had variable relations with Rome throughout their history, ranging from direct conflict to treaties and mutual support.
He had married off his daughter Amalasuntha to the Visigoth Eutharic, but Eutharic died in August or , so no lasting dynastic connection of Ostrogoths and Visigoths was established.
Theoderic retaliated by invading the Burgundian kingdom and then annexing its southern part, probably in Theoderic was planning an expedition to restore his power over the Vandal kingdom when he died in After his death in Ravenna in , Theoderic was succeeded by his grandson Athalaric. Athalaric was at first represented by his mother Amalasuntha, who was a regent queen from until The kingdom of the Ostrogoths, however, began to wane and was conquered by Justinian I starting after the rebellion of and finally ending in with the Battle of Mons Lactarius.
Vikings originated in Scandinavia and raided, traded, explored, and settled in wide areas of Europe, Asia, and the North Atlantic islands.
Illustrate how Viking ships were an integral part of Viking culture, influencing trade and warfare. Vikings were Norse seafarers who originated in Scandinavia and raided, traded, explored, and settled in wide areas of Europe, Asia, and the North Atlantic islands.
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